Hittites and the Hittite Empire

Hittites and the Hittite Empire Two distinct kinds of Hittites are referenced in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament): the Canaanites, who were subjugated by Solomon; and the Neo-Hittites, Hittite lords of northern Syria who exchanged with Solomon. The occasions related in the Old Testament happened in the sixth century BC, well after the wonder days of the Hittite Empire.The disclosure of the Hittite capital city of Hattusha was a significant occasion in prehistoric studies of the close to east, since it expanded our comprehension of the Hittite Empire as an amazing, refined human progress of the thirteenth through seventeenth hundreds of years BC. The Hittite Civilization cuneiform  Course of events Old Hittite Kingdom [ca. 1600-1400 BC]Middle Kingdom [ca. 1400-1343 BC]Hittite Empire [1343-1200 BC] Babylon Sources Urban areas: Important Hittite urban areas incorporate Hattusha (presently called Boghazkhoy), Carchemish (presently Jerablus), Kussara or Kushshar (which has not been moved), and Kanis. (presently Kultepe)

“A Raisin In A Sun” by Lorraine Hansberry Essay

I have a dream†¦ â€Å"A dream profoundly established in the American Dream.† â€Å"I have a fantasy that one day this country will ascend and live without the genuine significance of its statement of faith: â€Å"we hold these certainties to act naturally clear: that all me are made equal.† â€Å"I have a fantasy that my four youngsters will one day live in a country where they won't be judge by the shade of their skin yet by the substance of their character.† â€Å"I have a fantasy that one day minimal dark young men and dark young ladies will have the option to hold hands with white young men and white young ladies are walk together as sisters and brothers.† Martin Luther King Jr. In the play â€Å"A Raisin In A Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry is basically about dreams, including the American Dream. The play happens around the 1950’s in Chicago’s south side, when isolation was still near. In this play you meet a cast of individuals with dreams of a superior life that looks at the novel â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† with Martin Luther King’s discourse â€Å"I Have a Dream.† It Analyzes the comparative subjects found in play like racial unfairness, financial segregation, dream satisfaction and the way that it happens during a similar time. There are numerous viewpoints that are examined in both â€Å" A Raisin in the Sun† and â€Å"I have a dream† discourse. Maybe the most significant of those are racial shamefulness, financial separation, solidarity, and the battles for the American dream. In this play there are a wide range of dreams, Mama’s dream is to make a superior life for her family. The American dream, which is the possibility of achievement that includes claiming a house, having the option to give a superior life to your family and to accomplish certain material items. Mama’s dream is the American fantasy about moving her family out the little confined house and into a greater house, that is ideal for a group of five with a yard youngsters can play and where she can tend a nursery. For some African Americans during the 1950’s â€Å"The American dream† was to be dealt with similarly and before that their fantasy was opportunity, a conclusion to slavery.Martin Luther King’s renowned â€Å"I Have a Dream Speech† and the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† have numerous similitudes. The two of them have theâ desire for high contrast equity. They likewise need to roll out an improvement and live the manner in which they feel is directly for them to live. The two of them ready to take risks in doing as such and accomplish by attempting. A Raisin in the Sun and â€Å"I Have a Dream† discourse both arrangement with numerous issues yet none more significant than foul play. Prejudice was the main driver of all the segregation and shamefulness African Americans confronted. Martin Luther King Jr. discourse and Lorraine Hansberry both are instances of the destitute opportunity of dark American and both talk reality of the real factors of life and dreams for the fate everything being equal. Significantly after numerous long stretches of African Americans being discharged from subjection and turned out to be free Americans, they were as yet treated the equivalent and that they are not in reality free until the individuals are on the whole equivalent in any case to skin shading. Walter Lee and Martin Luther King Jr. both make similar focuses in light of the fact that the two of them have their huge dreams and are happy to effectively make their fantasies work out as expected. A fantasy is to imagine another life or trademark that could be preferred or more regrettable over what the individual as of now has. On account of a great many people it is a fantasy th at is certain. Individuals for the most part are narrow minded visionaries who dream just about themselves yet there are some who long for the world or others, for example, loved ones. Two instances of these sorts of visionaries are Mama and Martin Luther King Jr. In Dr. King’s discourse he raises that his fantasy isn't just for him yet in addition for others with a similar issue. He is a mindful visionary, one who accepts others start things out then him. Mom is this kind of visionary since her fantasies are for her family and the prosperity of them. Despite the fact that Mama’s dream isn't as profound or persuasive as Dr. Ruler, it is as yet a non-narrow minded dream. Mama’s dream was to get a house that was progressively appropriate to live in then the present house that the Youngers live in. Which was grimy and little. They were confined up and exceptionally awkward, it was resistant not a legitimate house for five individuals and an infant in transit. Along these lines Mama’s fantasy about having better living characteristics was a keen venture. â€Å"Them houses they set up for hued in them territories way out all appear to cost twice as much as different houses. She found a pleasant house at a decent cost in a White neighborhood; white neighborhoods had greater and less expensive homes at that point dark neighborhoods. She found the best arrangement as she said her self: I did the best I could† (Act 2. Scene 1.93) Mama thinks she picked the best alternative for the family and she did. This can be identified with Marin Luther King Jr.’s dream as well.He longed for an existence where dark and whites and all races would live in harmony. He imagined that there would be no despise due to skin tone or spot of starting point. He imagined that â€Å"We can't be fulfilled up to a Negro’s fundamental portability is from a littler ghetto to a bigger one† (â€Å"I Have a Dream† by Martin Luther Ki ng Jr.) By this line he implied that they ought not quit battling for equivalent rights until they move out of minimal rural territories delegated ghettos. By and by that discourse can identify with Walter Lee, when he at long last stands firm in his â€Å"manly hood† and shows his pride in his family. The story finished as him being the leader of the family since he took control and turned into a family man by dismissed a proposal from a white agent to avoid a white neighborhood and to remain with all blacks. When Travis grins up at his dad; this is when Walter Lee has an unexpected difference in heart. He discloses to Mr. Lindner that his relatives are plain pleased individuals and how his dad functioned for quite a long time as a worker, which his dad fundamentally earned the appropriate for his family to move into their new home in Clybourne Park. They have made significant progress and buckled down why turned it down, they have earned it, its lone admission. Walter acknowledges and rediscovers his self-esteem, Self-regard and confidence and he demonstrates this when he said to Mr. Lindner that â€Å"the 6th era of our family in this country.† He at last recovers his own pride, guards his family’s recorded option to be dealt with decently in their nation, and to secure his family’s respect. The two of them mirror the conditions that African Americans needed to experience to get uniformity from separation and segregation.It was certain that in the two records of dreams that there was an opportunity to strike and in the two records that time was presently. Both the Youngers and dark individuals of the Civil Rights Movement had one normal dream covered up by numerous materialistic wants: nobility, equity, and progress. Dr. Lord stated, â€Å"I have a fantasy today!† Walter Younger needs to make a busin ess bargain that could assist him with acquiring nobility, correspondence, and progress for his family, and the protection cash that Mama will get is a once in a blue moon bargain. An uncommon chance, that makes the way for suggestions that could enable his family to secure those characteristics. Both Walter and Dr. Lord are telling their families and adherents that the ideal opportunity for change is presently and that change is a now or never deal.While one was genuine and one was not, the longing, dreams, and battles referenced in the discourse coordinated those of the novel superbly. Martin Luther King and the characters of â€Å"A Raisin In A Sun† had similar aspirations, which incorporated a superior life for people in the future, freedom from the out of line day to day environments of African-American residents, and the significance on the desperation essential for causing these fantasies to occur. The two pieces spoke to a battle, one for a family, and one for a gathering of millions. Just as wars against imbalance, bad form, and injustice were won.Mama generally speaks to Rosa Parks since she goes about as a pioneer all through the story. The two of them supported what they had faith in. Mother making some noise gave he fearlessness and knowledge. The fearlessness Rosa Parks had was the point at which she got captured for declining to surrender her seat on an isolated transport in view of what she accept and in the human rights. Much the same as Mama when she went to bat for her significant other, when Walter Lee was not setting a model for his privileges. She didn’t not need him to take Mr. Lindner offer of cash in return of his family not to moving in to its fantasy house in a white neighborhood since she had confidence in her and her family’s rights. Along these lines she likewise went to bat for what she has faith in and the human rights.The Great Migration was a period in American history where blacks moved north to get away from the Jim Crow laws and bias of the South. The social equality development brought illumination towards the abolishment of isolation laws. In spite of the fact that the laws are gone, one may ask, â€Å"does isolation despite everything exist? â€Å" Indeed it does yet our isolation issues now aren’t pretty much race. They’re about pay as well, and the snare of associations between being poor and a minority in the city. In addition to the fact that people are isolated by race and by pay, implying that minorities are probably going to live with others of shading and needy individuals are probably going to live with destitute individuals. For instance in East Harlem there isn’t actually any sound spots to eat simply cheap food and the general stores are pricy. If you somehow managed to go downtown were affluent individuals live through have an assortment of solid spots to eat that is reasonable just as their markets like Trader Joes. In today’s society one can concur with Walter Lee that life presently is about cash, t is currently the rich versus the poor.In the starting o

Etiquette Workshop The Keys to Painless Networking

Etiquette Workshop The Keys to Painless Networking As part of the Undergraduate Practice Opportunities Program (UPOP), a program which teaches sophomores about leadership and work-place dynamics, I attended an etiquette seminar taught by Jodi Smith last week. For an hour and half, Ms. Smith taught us the Top Ten Tips for Painless Networking, which I thought I would share: 1. At a networking event, always wear a nametag and wear it on your right side. When you shake someones hand, you extend your right arm, so their eyes will naturally follow your arm and see your nametag. 2. Have a good handshake. It shouldnt be weak and you shouldnt break their bones. Hold it for a few seconds while making eye contact and then let go! 3. When introducing yourself, say your name slowly and clearly. If you have a difficult name, maybe give a mnemonic. 4. Also during your introduction, give a little snippet of information about yourself that might help jumpstart the conversation. Make sure the tagline is appropriate for the situation, like you wouldnt walk up to the CEO of GE and say My name is Joe, and I have three dogs, while that line might be appropriate if youre introducing yourself to a veterinarian or fellow dog lover. 5. Do your homework! If youre going to an event sponsored by a specific organization, know what the organization does and who might possibly be there. 6. Have good body language: dont cross your arms or slouch. 7. Make eye contact! 8. Before starting a conversation, know whether you are going to be the driver or the passenger. 9. Make a graceful exit, even if your conversation was less than pleasant. 10. Get business cards and follow up. After the seminar, we went to a Mocktail Party held in a reception area. We had the opportunity to put our new knowledge to the test while conversing with alumni and employers. It was a great learning experience and I particularly appreciate that the UPOP program tries to emphasize that even summer interns can become leaders when equipped with the necessary confidence and drive. If youre interested in general etiquette, MIT holds a Charm School for one full day during IAP. Its supposed to be quite the learning experience!

Comparison of Tourism Industries - 1968 Words

Comparison of Tourism Industries Greece and Nigeria Tourism is of one the most revenue earnings industry globally. As a matter of fact, most of African countries rely on this sector of their economy for high earnings. It is quite amazing to observe how various tourism sites show different kind of attributes. There are many tourism sites in the world, which are already declared and acclaimed as worlds most favorite and visited sites. They may include Las Vegas, Paris, Spain, Dubai, Agra etc. One of the most visited countries with high tourism rate is Greece. It is a very established tourism site with developed infrastructure for tourists. On the other hand, there is another tourism site which is in its infancy as of now: Nigeria. Although rich in natural beauty and resources, Nigeria which is known as the paradise on earth, is still undervalued because of the political stigma. However, it has begun to gather attention of the tourists these days. Although Greece and Nigeria are located in different regions of the world, it is important to understand how these two tourism sites are different in attributes. Greece is a rather small country in Europe which has been immensely successful in gathering tourists attention. Located in turkey and Italy, the other two major tourism sites, it is situated in that region of the world which is flooded with tourists throughout the year. It is further gifted with Mediterranean coastline. Be it summer or winter, Greece is tourists allShow MoreRelatedEssay about India vs. China: A Tourism Industry Comparison546 Words   |  3 PagesCHINA : A TOURISM INDUSTRY COMPARISON INDIAN TOURISM The Indian tourism industry is economically important and is growing rapidly. The tourism generated in 2012 was INR6.4 trillion i.e 6.6% of the nations GDP calculated by The World Travel Tourism Council, supporting 39.5 million jobs, 7.7% of its total employment. The predicted growth of the sector is at an average annual rate of 7.9% from 2013 to 2023, giving India third rank among countries with the fastest growing tourism industries in theRead MoreThe Marketing Of Cruise Tourism Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesA specialization within the guidelines Mass Tourism is what is known as Cruise Tourism. Cruise Tourism has been a front runner in the promotion of a modern market niche that focuses on incorporating various sectors into one complex oceanic vacation. Casinos, restaurants, shopping and port exploration are common segments of activity found on this vacation experience (Dowling, 2006). Today, up to 5000 passengers and crew members can be carried and supported on a variety of dif ferent cruise ships acrossRead MoreTravel And Tourism Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesand study from more than 18,00 sources over the world, travel and tourism industry in the United States is one of the largest industry. In 2015, travel and tourism industry has made a total contribution of 1.5 trillion USD to GPD. In addition, they predict that the number will grow up to 2.6 trillion USD by 2027. Annually, travel and tourism directly provides about 5.5 million jobs for American people. The travel and tourism industry is very huge. Therefore, people try to break down it into a smallRead MoreHRM Practices In The Workplace Case Study822 Words   |  4 Pages1 Idea in Brief The ‘future of work’ is receiving extensive and unparalleled attention from governments, academic researchers and industry associations both globally and locally. Accordingly, the past few decades have seen a shift in the worker demographics of Australian businesses. Moreover, a major shift has been that of the ageing population. Indeed, both industry and government reports have indicated the potential of an Australian ageing workforce in providing positive economic growth for businessesRead MoreFour Seasons Goes to Panama1301 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Panama is with the most important airport hubs in Latin America and Panama’s Government is going to extend Panama Canal which would increase the number of tourists. These days, the industries of construction and hotel are expending quickly and the supplyI is unable to meet the demand about the rooms especially in the peak seasons. I thnk it’s the best opportunity for Four Seasons to start a hotel in Panama OVERVIEW OF FOUR SEASON HOTELS Founded by Isadore Sharp in 1960, Four SeasonsRead MoreThe Impact of Tourist on Local people in Chiang Rai850 Words   |  4 Pages Tourism is the most interesting and growing faster and faster in service industry in the world. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), tourism in 2005 changed to be the 2nd largest industry, accounted for 3.8 percent of global Gross Domestic Product - GDP (Rosli Azhar, 2007). From it growth, there are a lot of impact that came from tourism affect many countries. In Chiang Rai, Thailand, the province where located in the northern Thailand and near by the border ofRead MoreTourism Industry: Tourism in Malaysia Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesTourism in Malaysia started from the 1960s and it is one of the new forces in the economic sector but the growth was slow. Then, a tourism master plan was added into the Second Malaysia Plan during 1971-1975 and this marked the beginning of tourism as the country’s economic cont ributor that has become the second highest foreign exchange earner for the country after the manufacturing sector (Robiah S., 2007). In the early growth of the industry, Visit Malaysia Year (VMY) is a major tourism event wasRead More The Economic Effects Tourism Has on New Zealand Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Economic Effects Tourism Has on New Zealand The following report provides an accurate and informative overview of the nature of tourism, its history and growth, the structure of the New Zealand industry and the impact of tourism from a New Zealand perspective. The report will draw a conclusion which Highlights area of consideration in tourism planning. Conclusion and Recommendations For New Zealand tourism has a lot to offer but at the same time, care has to be taken not to mistreatRead MoreFood and Beverage1498 Words   |  6 Pagesprice less any discounts claimable, storage cost of the item and the production costs.† As for the purchasing of beverages, it is important that when purchasing beverages, the branded products will be more attractive to the customer. And also with comparison to food products, the beverage will contribute more profits than food as they require fewer staff to process them into a finished product for the customer. Receiving Receiving of goods is very important as it has monetary value and that itRead MoreTourism in New Zealand1430 Words   |  6 PagesTourism In New Zealand Executive Summary The following report provides an accurate and informative overview of the nature of tourism, its history and growth, the structure of the New Zealand industry and the impact of tourism from a New Zealand perspective. The report will draw a conclusion which Highlights area of consideration in tourism planning. Conclusion and Recommendations For New Zealand tourism has a lot to offer but at the same time, care has to be taken not to mistreat

The Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence...

The Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence (WSCADV, n.d.) provides training for advocates of domestic violence (DV) survivors and their families. This paper reflects my experiences as I worked through the first three sections of training: the history of the DV movement; the key requirements of DV advocacy; and safety planning. The primary thread throughout the training sections is the importance of providing advocacy based on survivor-empowerment and meeting clients where they are. In this paper, I also explore my role as a mental health counselor in an interdisciplinary response team working with survivors of domestic violence. History of the DV Movement The first section of the WSCADV (n.d.) training discussed the background and history of the DV movement. This section began with an audio interview (Bell Coontz, n.d.) with Stephanie Coontz, a professor of history at Evergreen State College. Coontz discussed the effect that women entering the workforce over the past century has had on the stability of marriages and families. In the fifties, the middle-class family in the United States was structured around women’s economic dependence on men. Women’s entrance into the workforce destabilized marriage for a time, but in the 1980’s, increasing divorce rates leveled off and began to decrease, and women in the workforce became (and continue to be) a marriage stabilizer. This finding, however, does not necessarily apply to low-income couples who experience moreShow MoreRelatedEssay on Research Methods Unit 9 Final1572 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: Domestic violence against women happens around the world every day, but the main focus of location discussed in this paper is Washington State. Females are most likely to suffer domestic violence abuse from someone that they know. In such cases, it has been a spouse that is the attacker. Women escape these violent crimes and reach out for help, but not every time. Based off of the data collected, I strongly believe that females are more often victims of domestic violence than males. Read MoreThe National Coalition Against Domestic Violence860 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence is violent or aggressive behavior pattern in a relationship between two partners within the home. Domestic Violence typically involves one of the individuals I the relationship to be controlling and wants to take advantage and control of the other. The University of Louisiana at Monroe needs a new organization that can make a difference and give both women and men a sense of hope and safety; this solution should be the National Coalition against Domestic Violence (NCADV). The NationalRead MoreDomestic Violence And Other Lifetime Disturbance1590 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence and other lifetime disturbance can have significant mental health effects. Although symptoms often recover or decline with increased safety and social support, maltreatment may sometimes have longer-term health and mental health effects. The disturbing effects of abuse can affect an individual’s ability to access safety, restore from trauma, and to pursue lifetime goals. In addition to that, living with mental health disorders or addiction upsurges a person’s risk of experiencingRead MoreKnowing Our History Is Vital To Pursuing Our Future. Our1245 Words   |  5 PagesKnowing our history is vital to pursuing our future. Our history needs to be our guide in making the changes necessary to end the violence. Violence against women has been sanctioned throughout history. We need to know the s truggles of those who came before us. By knowing our history we honor their spirits, we keep the flame of justice alive and it brings us to the stark reality that we have much work still to do. History of the Battered Women’s Movement 753 BC During the reign of Romulus in RomeRead MoreIntroduction. Domestic Violence Is A Serious Issue Affecting1386 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Domestic Violence is a serious issue affecting women all over the world today. Domestic Violence transpires when a current intimate partner decides to exercise dominance in a relationship through means of psychological, physical and sexual abuse towards the victim. This type of abuse often leads to emotional and or physical trauma. Domestic Violence is not only physical or sexual other forms of domestic violence exist such as stalking and dating violence. It is a problem without limitsRead MoreLove Shouldnt Hurt1429 Words   |  6 Pagesyou feel better now, as she falls to the ground? Well Ill tell you my friend, one day this worlds gonna end. /One day she will tell you that she has finally had enough.† The problem for women is figuring out when enough is really enough. Dating Violence is everywhere: in movies, on television shows, songs and newspapers, but some women are not willing to confide into someone for help. On April 5, 2005, teen tragedy was reported on ABC news, 20/ 20. Sixteen year old Marcus McTear stabbed and killedRead MoreHuman Trafficking in the Us1244 Words   |  5 PagesRough Draft: Human Trafficking and its Relationship throughout these United States A serious crime that virtually affects every country in the world is human trafficking. Human trafficking is a multi-national criminal business that’s roots are tied into â€Å"trans-criminal organizations, small criminal networks and local gangs, violations of labor and immigration codes, and government corruption† (Richard, 1999; U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2006.). Typically human trafficking has been definedRead MoreDomestic Violence And The Civil Rights Movement1998 Words   |  8 Pagesthe issues that affected the women. The social issues were child care, domestic violence, contraception, and women’s health. One of the major topics that the feminists focused on was domestic violence that still exists in today’s day worldwide. Domestic violence is an important issue because many believe that it’s only a male-to-female action but it’s also female-to-male abuse. In addition, many assume that domestic violence is only a physical act but there are other forms of abuse such as psychologicalRead More Domestic Violence Essay with Annotated Bibliography1593 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many different types of domestic violence. Physical abuse is the most obvious form, but this is not to say that outsiders always recognize it. Generally, physical violence causes bodily harm, using a variety of methods. Slapping, pushing, throwing, hitting, punching, and strangling are only a few methods. An object or weapon may or may not be used. There is not always physical evidence of physical abuse such as bruising, bleeding, scratches, bumps, etc., therefore, absence of physical marksRead MoreGeorge Washington s First Inaugural Address1164 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Washington had to borrow money to relocat e to New York, then the center of American government. His presidential inauguration was held near New York s Wall Street in late April 1789. A tremendous crowd showed up to see the man now known as the Father of His Country. Borrowing a custom from English monarchs, who by tradition address Parliament when its sessions open, Washington gave a brief speech. It was the first inaugural address and the first of many contributions that Washington would

A Review of Research Paper for College

A Review of Research Paper for College You must work very difficult to fit the demands of college and professors. At times, it's the entire department. According to statistics, it is but one reason why most college professors decrease the last grade. The student ought to be assisted when it comes to selecting the right college, which provides the course they're interested in studying. Research is the fundamental portion of college papers and has to be given complete attention for good outcomes. Students need help to become organized. They are required to write papers that meet instructor's requirement. They need help to reduce stress and anxiety. Regardless of what your outline for the paper might be, it is critical to find because many sources as you can! After you have diverse sources for your upcoming paper, you should be mental or written notes with references to every body paragraph or the ideas. 1 way that will help you with writing a thesis statement is to earn a n extremely short, research paper outline listing in sentence form the principal tips that you aspire to develop in order to demonstrate your thesis. Your essay topic is largely dependent on the kind and length of the paper you are supposed to write. Thus, the writing of a paper is dependent on the assigning authority's instructions together with the form of assignment that's covered within the paper. Just as you can hardly expect to write five essays in 1 day, so you maynot hope to develop more than 1 section of a lengthier paper at a moment. Wait to compose that if your paper is completed and you're able to see what you're introducing. For instance, the paper writers aren't able to compose academic papers using MLA and Chicago. The Secret to Research Paper for College Some of the greatest research paper introduction samples incorporate primary resources supporting the argument or research of the issue. Frequently the software will give a list of correct spellings to pick from. There's a quantity of powerful research paper topics for the most intriguing regions of investigation. Now there's a list of resources. Writing a complete research paper on something which you don't have any notion is simply upping your burden. The work is going to be produced depending on your requirements. Make sure that you do not hurry up in attempting to complete the outline, it may take up sometime because then an effective outlines saves lots of time during writing. Book writing initially can eat up a good deal of your time because it's necessary to think, and define a lot of areas where you're going to be working on over the class of the period. The very best thing is to compose an essay for one more training course, obviously, which is long due. The internet course may include the should attend the school from time to time. Term paper help enables students to understand that there is a good deal of work and time which goes into preparing a term paper. As term papers are written each year by several students, picking a special topic is acute. Students have to be taught how to control their time and organize their calendar to beat each deadline and prevent frustrations. They feel the same trepidation at the thought of going to college. The Death of Research Paper for College Essay writing has been a significant part the educational system. Writing a paper is a hard assignment, especially if it's the case that you do not have great writing skills. Furthermore, the writers aren't conversant with various writing styles. Writing style is just one of the most essential aspects in writing. The essay based scholarship is for the folks who don't qualify in any sort of scholarship and they need to compose the essay to be able to convince the sponsor. Students have plenty of essays and research Open your mind, and we're going to open doors! What's more, you may rest assured you will obtain a plagiarism-free essay. Writing quality essays is the principal use of our services. The Research Paper for College Trap A dependable research paper writing services provider should enable clients to acquire plagiarism free customized research papers online every one of the times. The school or the company where you'll be working for has to supply you with the guidelines about how to make an application for visa and other needs. If you by chance get services from our essay writing company, count that you'll get much better grades at any price tag. Experience no value and cozy as you supply your initial term papers from our organization.

Industrial Development Through Knowledge -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Industrial Development Through Tacit Knowledge? Answer: Introduction Foreign Direct Investment refers to investment that is made by company for the business interest in another country. It can be done either by establishing business operations or by acquiring the assets in relation to that of the business. Primary feature of Foreign Direct Investment is that the investments are made that can help in establishing effective control or by having influence over the process of decision making of a business. Globalization has led to an increase in the volume of trade and FDI in between different countries (Bandyopadhyay, Sandler Younas, 2013). Economic factors play a huge role in the process of decision making as the economic actors want return of their investment. The political factors are also crucial as the country that has a high political unrest faces uncertainty and becomes less prone for that of investment (Castro Nunes, 2013). Government stability, socio-economic condition, laws and regulations, religious tension, external conflict, bureaucratic q uality, corruption and internal tensions are the different political economic factors that can have an influence on the aspect of foreign direct investment. This report analyses how the political economic factors of Bangladesh have an effect on that of the foreign direct investment. Government stability in Bangladesh The tenth parliamentary election was responsible for changing the scenario in relation to foreign investment. The Bangladesh Awami League was responsible for winning ten parliamentary election in which 153 members were elected in an uncontested manner. The country witnessed agitation on the streets in between the year 2013 and that of 2015 (Rahman, 2015). Macroeconomic stability is a major cause of strength of the Bangladesh economy. The economy of Bangladesh has shown many promising aspects. Bangladesh has been able to increase the growth by that of 1 % in each decade from 2013 to 2015 (Sarker et al., 2017). The per capita income has increased that helps in drawing foreign direct investment to a great extent. Socio-economic Condition The rate of unemployment within Bangladesh remained unchanged from that of 4.10 percent in the year 2016 from that of 4.10 in the year 2015. The unemployment rate within Bangladesh averaged that of 3.83 percent from the year 1991 till the year 2016. The Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted in the year 2016-17 pointed out that around 1 of every 4 Bangladeshis are living in a state of abject poverty and it has been found that 12.9 percent of people have to suffer on account of poverty (Bandyopadhyay, Sandler Younas, 2013). Poverty and unemployment prove to be major causes of hindrance that can adversely affect foreign direct investment in Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh tends to limit resources in relation to building of new infrastructure and in order to maintain existing infrastructure. Inefficient infrastructure undermines economic development of the country. CIA World Fact book has highlighted that a meagre 10 % of the roads in Bangladesh are paved that hinde rs in drawing foreign direct investment (Uddin, Ali Masih, 2017). The underdeveloped telecommunication services within Bangladesh do not bode well for that of foreign direct investment. Laws in Bangladesh The tax service within Bangladesh suffers on account of low level of that of revenue mobilisation, regressive nature of that of taxation, low tax base and that of high degree of that of tax evasion. It has been found that the tax receipts can roughly generate four-fifth of that of total revenue (Islam, 2015). The consumer price inflation within Bangladesh got eased to 5.83 percent on year-to-year basis in 2017 (December) from that of 5.91 percent of that of the previous month. The inflation rate within Bangladesh averaged to 6.58 percent from the year 1994 till the year 2017. Bangladesh is known for the restrictive trade regimes and it earns a lot of revenue from that of excise taxes. Infrastructure development surcharge is levied on all imports and the lengthy custom procedures prove to be deterrent in terms of attracting foreign direct investment. Internal Conflict in Bangladesh Internal conflicts and unrest has taken a toll on the economy of Bangladesh. Public life as well as the business activity is hampered to a great extent owing to the political strife of the different parties within Bangladesh. This country was witness to political violence when the leader of the main opposition, Khaleda Zia was confined to that of her office (Rahman, 2015).The unrest continued even after the release of Khaleda Zia and frequent strikes were rampant after this incident (Hayakawa, Kimura Lee, 2013). These kind of political conflict hamper the economic activity of the country to a great extent and prevents the normal operation of a business. The frequent shutdowns taking place in Bangladesh takes a toll on the economic activity and the industrial sectors face a lot of losses owing to the inability of shipping goods. It bears a negative impact on that of foreign direct investment. External Conflict Government of Bangladesh brought into existence the Import Policy Order 2015-2018 and the new policy eased import in relation to raw materials so that they can be of use for that of the export-oriented industries (Castro Nunes, 2013). Bangladesh has been able to settle the border disputes in a peaceful manner with India and improving the ties can help in the aspect of foreign direct investment (Islam, 2015). Corruption Corruption has entered all the sectors of Bangladesh like that of the judicial system, police, public services and tax administration (Mostafa Klepper, 2017). There is the Money Laundering Prevention Act that states that the companies can be held for bribery. Business-to-business corruption can be handled by the help of Money Laundering Prevention Act (Kim Li, 2014). Religious Tension Religious minorities like that of the Hindus along with the Buddhists have been subject to discrimination in Bangladesh. The land laws that are discriminatory have proved to be disadvantageous for the Hindu population that is minority in Bangladesh (Bayraktar, 2013. The Hindu-Muslim divide is being used by that of the political elite of Bangladesh for serving their own narrow benefit (Bagchi, Lejeune Alam, 2014). The party clashes taking place arise on account of the fervour centralized around religion that severely cripples the foreign direct investment of the country (Hayakawa, Kimura Lee, 2013). Bureaucratic Quality Bangladesh is a developing country and the bureaucrats belong to middle or the lower classes. It is a country that revolves around the use of black money (Shah, 2014). Bangladesh is hence inefficient in terms of bureaucracy and is not able to produce desired service to the citizens. The quality of bureaucracy in Bangladesh cannot face the challenges of globalisation and is not conducive for that of foreign direct investment. Conclusion The above discussion brings to light the socio-economic condition of Bangladesh and its effect on that of foreign direct investment. Violent street agitation reduced on the streets after the year 2015 that helped in attracting foreign direct investment to Bangladesh. Around 12.9 percent of the people in Bangladesh are reeling under the effect of poverty and the people of Bangladesh hence cannot buy expensive foreign products. The non-enforcement of that of anti-corruption legislation has impaired the business of Bangladesh and proved to be a deterrent for that of foreign direct investment. Corruption pervades all aspects of society in Bangladesh and party clashes take place in Bangladesh owing to the deep seated religious prejudices. The corrupt bureaucracy also harms the foreign direct investment of the country. The kind of FDI that can take place in Bangladesh is that of Backward FDI. There are certain raw materials that are found in abundant quantity in Bangladesh and the foreign companies can buy the firms in Bangladesh in order to dominate competition. Investing heavily in the particular firm can help in the production of better quality product. Pharmaceutical raw materials can be found in Bangladesh and foreign companies can invest in them in order to earn profits. Factors Risk Rating ( out of 10) Effect in Foreign Direct Investment Government Stability 4 Attracts the foreign investors Socio-economic Condition 6 Badly affects FDI Laws and Regulation 6 Not conducive for foreign investment Internal Conflict 7 Internal conflicts paints a bad picture in front of investors External Conflict 8 External conflicts harm foreign investment Corruption 8 Badly affects Foreign Direct Investment Religious Tension 8 Severely cripples Foreign Direct Investment Bureaucratic Quality 7 Inefficient bureaucracy cannot attract foreign investors References: Bagchi, P., Lejeune, M. A., Alam, A. (2014). How supply competency affects FDI decisions: some insights.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 239-251. Bandyopadhyay, S., Sandler, T., Younas, J. (2013). Foreign direct investment, aid, and terrorism.Oxford Economic Papers,66(1), 25-50. Bayraktar, N. (2013). Foreign direct investment and investment climate.Procedia Economics and Finance,5, 83-92. Castro, C., Nunes, P. (2013). Does corruption inhibit foreign Direct investment?.Poltica: Revista de Ciencia Poltica,51, 61-83. Hayakawa, K., Kimura, F., Lee, H. H. (2013). How does country risk matter for foreign direct investment?.The Developing Economies,51(1), 60-78. Islam, K. A. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Bangladesh: Prospects and Challenges and Its Impact on Economy.Asian Business Review,4(1), 24-36. Kim, P. H., Li, M. (2014). Injecting demand through spillovers: Foreign direct investment, domestic socio-political conditions, and host-country entrepreneurial activity.Journal of Business Venturing,29(2), 210-231. Mostafa, R., Klepper, S. (2017). Industrial development through tacit knowledge seeding: evidence from the Bangladesh garment industry.Management Science. Rahman, A. (2015). Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh.International Journal of Economics and Finance,7(2), 178. Sarker, M. N. I., Bingxin, Y., Sultana, A., Prodhan, A. Z. M. S. (2017). Problems and challenges of public administration in Bangladesh: pathway to sustainable development.International Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research,2(1), 008-015. Shah, M. H. (2014). The significance of infrastructure for FDI inflow in developing countries.Journal of Life Economics,2(1), 1-16. Uddin, M. A., Ali, M. H., Masih, M. (2017). Political stability and growth: An application of dynamic GMM and quantile regression.Economic Modelling,64, 610-625.

Value Alignment free essay sample

Apple Inc. designs, manufactures, and markets mobile communication, media devices, personal computers, portable digital music players, and sells related software services (Partner, 2013). The founders of Apple were Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne, and Steve Wozniak; Wayne sold his part of the company to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Apple went public in 1980 at $22 a share. Apple is the second largest technology company, third largest cell phone producer and in the top 10 fortune 500 list. The origins and subsequent evolution of workplace values have not changes for Apple over the years. Apple has maintained their core values such as hiring the right person, performance, and integrity and innovation. Details remain a high priority to apple because they have seen the results in their success. It is important to be ethically sound and treat people fair. The individual values mentioned are what drive each of our team members’ actions and behaviors. The driving force behind each member’s perception of the value has a purposeful meaning that comes about whether or not consciously thought about while performing unified tasks. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Alignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Graziadio Business Report (2009), Values drive behavior and need to be consciously stated, but they also need to be affirmed by actions. This is necessary as many may speak about their values, but one sees what is genuine when actions put into words. Values exert influence over our attitudes and attitudes influence our behavior. Values are integral to attitude formation and to how we respond to people and situations. Individual values drive different behaviors, which in turn drive personal performance and ultimately organizational performance (Graziadio Business Report, 2009). Driving ethical behavior with values and attitudes requires that there be alignment among values, attitudes, and behavior. The four main values that this team recognize as important are integrity, teamwork, performance, and learning. Although each member has varying reasons to use these values, in different degrees of priority, there are times that putting personal motivations aside and acting with objectivity by doing what is right being put into place. This team has proven that the values they state are well aligned with the actions performed. Acting justly and fairly is a long-term driver of ethical behavior. Remembering the â€Å"Golden Rule† helps formulate the drive. Personal and workplace values, ethics play an important role in any organization that is imperative to success. To attain a successful alignment between corporate and individual values, there needs to be a symbiotic relationship between the company and the people it employs. This benefit contains an important value to both the organization and the employee. Apple accepts change and addresses it in the mission and vision statement as well as the values of the company. The values provide direction for the employees, partners, and customers. Apple is successful in the hi-tech market, it is also known for its inability to diversify its workforce. In order for Apple Inc. to be successful, it must be able to understand and embraces diversity, within employment, partners of the company, the markets, and countries Apple Inc. does business in. Diversity of employees, partners, and customers illustrates the values found in the School of Ethical Relativism. This concept states values are different from culture to culture, and society to society and the values will change to be acceptable within the culture or society beliefs (2004 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ). Apple is very dedicated to serving their shareholders in the most professional and ethical ways possible. Apple has a system of governance that oversees the day to day operations of the Chief Executive Officer and all senior management. This system of governance is called the Board of Directors. â€Å"To satisfy the Boards duties, directors are expected to take a proactive, focused approach to their positions, and set standards to ensure that Apple is committed to business success through the maintenance of high standards of responsibility and ethics. † (Governance, 2014). The board has generated committee charters and guidelines for governance such as business conduct policies, anti-corruption policies, corporate governance guidelines, conflict of interest guidelines, political contributions and expenditure, related party transactions and many others. These measures to ensure honesty are very professionally enforced and put together very well. Apple has gone above and beyond to ensure a high level of ethics to guarantee a positive outcome for their employees and shareholders. These values are a great foundation for any business to implement to ensure a solid relationship with owners and shareholders while simultaneously protecting their customers and employees in all day to day operations. Since its inception in 1984 the Apple Inc. has grown to become one of the biggest well-known companies in the world. This ascension came about from smart management, innovative ideas and marketing as well as research and development. To conclude team B will analyzed the origins, motivations and developments of personal values that affect every day practices, and identify the origins and developments of values within the workplace. This discussion also identified the values of Apple Inc. and explained how all were aligned with the plans and actions including an explanation of the differences between company and personal values.

Growth at Futura Industries Essays

Growth at Futura Industries Essays Growth at Futura Industries Essay Growth at Futura Industries Essay Growth at Futura Industries Name: Course: Date: : Growth at Futura Industries Assignment1: Case It is a performance management tool used in businesses and other industries to communicate strategies align business activities or organizational performance to these strategies and monitor the organization’s performance against the goals of the strategies. It was invented by Drs. David Norton and Robert Kaplan and works as a performance measurement framework. The balanced scorecard entails that an organization should be viewed from four aspects that it suggests. Implementation of this framework is not an easy task but the product is effective (Kaplan, Norton, 2004). Futura Industries is a company dealing in aluminum design, extruding, fabrication, finishing and machining. Based in Utah, its clientele ranges from markets in electronics to transportation. Futura focused all its internal operations on quality with the belief that its workers are what add to its great value. This factor had contributed to Futura being a notch higher than its competitors are. Futura extensively used this aspect of the balanced scorecard because of the strong belief in its employees. Susan Johnson Futura’s president focused on this perspective over other balanced scorecard perspectives for various reasons. One of them is that she believed that persons who were respected, trusted and challenged to grow are the foundation for the future. Kaplan and Norton place importance on learning which they say is better than training. Susan Johnson cited the importance of workers in her company and used them as the main resource. Another reason is that this perspective provides building blocks for the success of the remaining three quadrants. Futura was looking toward the future and therefore needed a plan to help push it to greater heights in terms of efficiency in service provision. Other than following the example of other businesses, which had used the balanced scorecard successfully, Futura decided to tread an entirely different route. This desire to stand out and the full benefits to be reaped out of it also contributed to its use of this quadrant of the balanced scorecard. Susan Johnson’s focus entailed recruitment off good personnel, not just good machines. Astoundingly, they achieved a fifty percent increase in revenue without adding personnel from 1996 to 1999 (Gumbus, 2003). According to Johnson, the company had all the financial metrics, customer measures and had even earned its ISO accreditation three years prior. With a mission of â€Å"Extraordinary Value through Extrusions†, they expected that every individual would contribute to the company and customer’s success Futura specifically measures safety, employee capabilities in different areas of corporate culture, annual performance, personal development review, customer services, internal operation and financials. Futura uses the balanced scorecard to focus on two key aspects that place them ahead of their competitors in an overcrowded industry. These are the ability to employ and maintain good people and their utmost devotion to their customers. In terms of annual performance, personal development review and internal operations, they had to develop a strict plan that outlines the scope and nature of work to be done. Being an industry, much of the work being done was routine. Since employees are closest to production and customers at the same time, it was imperative that only creative persons be hired. Another issue that arose was how to retain the employees. This was to be achieved through employee satisfaction done by involving them in decision-making, recognizing their job well done and ensuring they can access information easily. Retaining employees is crucial and effective because it prevents the company from losing part of its intellectual potential. In order to gauge their satisfaction, Futura carries out annual surveys to find out from its employees how it could become a better employer. This survey also focuses on whether they are content with the kindness benefits they receive from the company. Futura has a follow up form that works on ensuring that action is taken upon the worker’s concerns. Another kind of survey is based on leadership and dwells on a way to enhance managerial leadership and management skills. After this, evaluations are done to cite areas for improvement in line with the employees’ expectations. I think Futura’s approach is very efficient especially as it helps in gathering of information relevant to its success. The use of surveys helped in acquiring knowledge on consumer satisfaction and about how to improve the workplace and offer better leadership. Employees felt motivated to move up the ladder because of a positive attitude towards the future direction of the company. In addition, this method makes adequate financial logic. In realizing that employees are the foundation of the company, Futura did everything to ensure that they were appreciated. This led to consumer satisfaction and the success of the other three perspectives, which supplemented the mentioned perspective. The benefits of using this approach were revealed in the way the company spent less of its money recruiting and training new employees. Turnover rates decreased because of motivating the employees and keeping them satisfied. Yes, I think the measures undertaken by Futura obtain all proportions of the perspective as explained in the background materials from this module as well as previous ones. The dimensions of this perspective involve training of employees and corporate cultural attitudes that are connected to both the individual and the self-improvement of the corporate itself. At Futura, the cultural maturity of employees is based on their capability of adapting to the corporate culture, communication, confidence, teamwork, leadership, responsiveness, productivity and safety among others. The main areas of focus are on human capital, information capital and organizational capital. The company paid attention to its workforce, a clear indication that they fulfilled the aspect of human capital. The information capital involved gathering, storage and dispelling of information. All this was done by the use of new technology, mainly computers. This aspect was accomplished by Futura through the numerous surveys it used to conduct and manage using computerized information systems. Organizational capital is mainly about how employees respond to company culture and their alignment to the goals and visions of the company (Niven, 2010). Using the information derived from the surveys it was easy to establish whether the employees were in line with office culture or not. Thus, company managers were able to work on areas they felt needed correction. This implies that the surveys conducted helped to reinforce the organizational capital at Futura. This information could also be used in making plans for the company and help the workers decide on their later employment plans as far as working with Futura industries was concerned. Therefore, in summation of my conclusion, I think Futura industries managed to utilize all the aspects of the mentioned perspective. It worked to its advantage by helping it to maximize profit. Assignment 2: SLP United Airlines, Inc., which operates as united airlines, is a major American airline. Statistics show that it is the largest airline in terms of the number of destinations its planes fly. With over 50000 employees and more than 500 planes, it is a part of the fastest growing airlines in the United States and the world. It has been re-branded several times following a number of mergers with other airlines. In as much as the mergers have contributed to an increase in market share, its public image and market value are still doing poorly. The airline uses the principle of the business scorecard, which focuses on its employees and the consumers. To enhance its operations, the airline designed three objectives to help it improve its performance. The objectives are to increase its customer base, increase number and quality of services offered and to retain its customers. All these were to assist the airline to achieve its mission, vision and strategy in the competitive market (Hansen, 2009). Its strategy was to increase its market share and to foster a strong financial position in the market. objectivemeasureTargetactionIncrease customer baseThis is to augment its market share. Its performance can be measured by taking statistics of number of passengers in any given period and comparing them with those of previous times and of other airlines.The move targets all the existing customers who will be retained and acquiring of new ones. The number to be targeted could be set at over 150 million annually.This objective was to be achieved mainly through ensuring customer satisfaction. For instance, the price of services offered was to be made more affordable, while maintaining their quality.Increase number and quality of services. This would enhance the number of referrals the airline gets from existing customers.This is to attract more customers and to offer variety to the existing ones. This can be estimated by conducting evaluations and surveys on consumer satisfaction. Also, having statistical measure of the number of new customers acquired after putting implementing the ob jective.Targets both new and existing customers. This figure could also be placed at over 150 million customers annually. Find out the needs of the consumer and seek to correct any flaws. Concentration should not only be placed on the wealthy but also middle income and low end customers.Retaining of customers.It is measured by doing a statistical count of the number of customers before and after implementation of the strategy.The target is mainly the existing number of customers.The actions taken involve activities that ensure customer satisfaction. If the customers are content with the services at the airline, they will not need to seek those services elsewhere. Assignment 3: Personal Opinion Question 1 The customer perspective forms part of the four quadrants of the balanced scorecard (Sharma 2010).The scorecard is a planning and management tool used to align business activities to the vision and strategies of an organization, improve communication and assess the feat of the firm against these strategies. The importance of this perspective is customer satisfaction. It ensures that customers are content with the services being offered by the organization. This is in order to avoid future decline in an organization’s profits due to defection of customers to other suppliers. In developing ways to best satisfy customers, an organization should analyze customers according to different factors. Such information should then be stored in a database for easy access. One such factor is consumer-spending habits. This analysis is used to determine a number of things needed by the team in charge of marketing at any organization. One of such things is the type of consumer to whom a communication should be passed. Customer databases organized into simplistic spending segments are used quite often to determine whom to â€Å"hit† with a communication. It is whereby a company compiles data on its consumers that enables them to know how much each of them spends and on what products. This information is helpful when it comes to marketing a product. The company is able to identify its target audience through such valuable information. Therefore, when a new product is launched into the market, a communication is made to those people that buy it most. This management of the customer base is to ensure retaining of customers through adequate satisfaction of their needs. Having a database with consumer details is widely used today in an effort to build customer loyalty. There are various companies that treat their customers differently based on how much they spend on their products, for instance by offering discounts and additional services. High-end customers are at times invited for excursions while low-end customers who are also considered valuable are offered discounts to motivate them to spend more. Question 2 Stakeholders are persons, organizations that have interest in a particular organization. Such parties can therefore affect or be affected by the organization’s actions, policies and objectives. A company can have one or more stakeholders at any give time. Due to this fact, conflicts amongst them may arise because of clashing interests. A simple example is whereby workers in a factory collide with the management of the same company. In the above case, the management of the factory wants to cut off the size of human capital. This is because they value efficiency through regulation of the workforce. In place of the laid off workers, the factory wants to put in place machines. Alternatively, the workers are used to a personal control over their work and a high degree of autonomy. This case presents a conflicting situation, which requires immediate resolution. The interests of these two stakeholders are in contrast. As a form of resolution, one party or both have to reach a compromise. Ensuring that stakeholders and their goals are well taken care of is important for the success of any business. This perspective focuses on people as the main resource in an organization. Therefore, at the factory in the case above, the management should give priority to its workers though not at the expense of being at per with technological advancements. This means that instead of laying off some workers from their respective jobs, they should train them to use the machines being introduced. This would reduce the cost of hiring new workers with specialized training on the use of the machines. It would also motivate the workers and increase their productivity. Putting them first will increase their efficiency, which translates to quality products and consumer satisfaction (Kaplan, Norton, 1996). By so doing, they would have utilized the said perspective effectively. References Don R. Hansen, Maryanne M. Mowen, Liming Guan (2009). Cost Management: Accounting Control.Oklahoma: Cengage Learning Gumbus, A. Johnson, S.D. (2003). The balanced scorecard at Futura Industries. Strategic Finance. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (2004). Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Niven, P. R. (2006). Balanced Scorecard Step-By-Step: Maximizing Performance and Maintaining Results. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Smith, R. F. (2007). Business process management and the balanced scorecard: Using processes as strategic drivers. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (2003). The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action. Harvard Business School Press, 126

Case discssion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case discssion - Essay Example By taking into concern the above discussed aspects, the statement "Begum and Playfoot show that the law is based on fair procedures and tests that respects human rights and justly determine the way in which people of different (and no) faith interrelate with each other in school environments† would be discussed. It would be vital to mention that R (Begum) v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School and R (Playfoot) v Millais School Governing Body are two separate cases relating to equality and human right that would be analysed for discussing the above statement. The case of Begum can be apparently observed to examine the phenomenon of expressing religious belief through the selection of specific dresses or outfits. In this similar concern, Begum desired to wear a conservatively styled garment, referred as ‘jilbab’ in the school, which was however disapproved by the school management. Shabina Begum was a student at Denbigh High School in a secondary school in her comunity. The school provided shalwar kameeze specifically for the Muslim girls as school uniform. The disapproval of the school in wearing ‘jilbab’ and its refusal to permit Ms. Begum for attending school unless she wore the proper school uniform, eventually became a ground to bring the lawsuit against the school authority. According to Ms. Begum, she was forced to sue the school arguing that her liberty towards manifesting her ‘religion or belief’ and right to education, as was assured under the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundame ntal Freedoms 1950 (ECHR) and the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), were infringed (Butcher, 2011). Notably, the right of an individual towards their conscience, thought and religion is fundamentally assured by Article 9 of the ECHR. This also encompasses the liberty of manifesting one specific

Poverty reduction in Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Poverty reduction in Brazil - Essay Example It is essential to adopt development strategy in order to achieve global prosperity, freedom, dignity, peace and equity along with sustaining progress already achieved. In order to carry out the study Bolsa Familia program, an initiative to combat poverty has been selected as the case. This case has been chosen for the further study as it is the major social program in the Social Protection System in Brazil. Moreover, Brazil has been selected as the country in concern for the study because Brazil by the end of the first decade of 21st century has emerged as one of the rapidly growing economies in the world. Moreover, Brazil has over the years engaged in conducting researches on poverty and inequality, thus there has been certain prominent changes witnessed by the country in the last decade that have drawn significant attention (Soares, Ribas and Osorio, â€Å"Evaluating the Impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Familia: Cash Transfer Programs in Comparative Perspective †). (ii) THES IS STATEMENT The local adoption of the Bolsa Familia program failed to promote the desired outcome. ... offers monthly transfer to poor families with children to extent of 15 years of age and/or pregnant woman as well as the program provides monthly transfer to extremely poor households irrespective of their composition. The Bolsa Familia program was launched on October 2003 by the government of President Lula da Silva under the Provisory Rule n.132 which was transformed in the law n. 10.836 in January 2004. The program is primarily a unified form of four major programs including Bolsa Escola, related with minimum income grant for primary education; Fome Zero and Bolsa Alimentacao, two major income subsidies associated with food security; and Vale Gas, a grant to help poor families buy cooking gas. The primary reason behind the implementation of the program was to achieve the objectives towards effectively combating hunger, poverty and inequalities through monetary transfer related with meeting the basic needs of household comprising health, education, food security and social aid. The program also aimed at promoting social inclusion for emancipation of the beneficiary household by assisting them to overcome vulnerable situations in which they are living (Soares, Ribas and Osorio, â€Å"Evaluating the Impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Familia: Cash Transfer Programmes in Comparative Perspective†). The program is implemented in a decentralized manner in almost all the Brazilian Municipalities. It implements unverified method of testing that is conducted at the municipal level to select its beneficiaries. The program is firmly directed towards poor and indigent families who have per-capita income R$ 60 (US$ 33) and R$120 (US$66) (Souza, â€Å"Poverty, Inequality and Social Policies In Brazil, 1995-2009†). Correspondingly, those households with per-capita income of R$ 60 (US$ 33)

Personality factors that underlie belief in the paranormal

Personality factors that underlie belief in the paranormal Although the term paranormal refers to hypothesized processes that in principle are physically impossible or outside the realm of human capabilities (Thalbourne, 1982; as cited in Irwin, 1993, p. 1), belief in the paranormal seem to be surprisingly common in this modern, technologically sophisticated world. The influence of paranormal phenomena can be observed in the entertaining media as well as in the news, in sports, in business and in peoples everyday lives (Goode, 2000). But why people believe in the paranormal phenomena or what persuade them to do so? Skeptics as well as non-skeptics have interests in investigating the nature of belief in the paranormal, albeit with somewhat different objectives in mind. The majority of previous research examining paranormal belief and personality correlates has taken a skeptical view, which suggests that paranormal believers are psychologically dysfunctional, for example, psychotic, neurotic and depressive. Non-skeptics however, at the same ti me have tried to challenge this hypothesis. The purpose of this study is to support skeptical point of view; firstly, personality factors that may underlie belief in the paranormal phenomena will be described and evaluated. Secondly, the impact of culture and subjective experience on belief in paranormal phenomena will be evaluated. According to Irwin (1993) paranormal beliefs are held because they serve significant psychodynamic needs of the individual and in general this statement is called psychodynamic functions hypothesis (p. 21). According to this hypothesis, skeptics very often consider paranormal believers as psychologically deviant and relate their behaviour with psychopathology. Not without a reason, however. The vast majority of evidence (i.e. Irwin Green, 1998; Hergovich et al., 2008) indicates that people who believe in paranormal phenomena expose schizotypal tendencies. The findings of Irwin and Green (1998) suggest that people who have schizotypal tendencies (schizotypal personality disorder is a condition that resembles a less severe version of schizophrenia, Vyse, 1997) in the cognitive-perceptual area are likely to confirm beliefs in Spiritualism and Precognition as well as in Extraordinary Life Forms and Witchcraft. Hergovichs et al. (2008) findings give a support to the hypothesis that schiz otypy is heavily associated with paranormal belief and approve that belief in Precognition, Psi, Witchcraft and Spiritualism can also be predicted very well by schizotypy. Moreover, previous studies (i.e. Sica et al., 2002) also confirm that a high involvement in superstition seems to play a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Although non-skeptics argue that paranormal beliefs and obsessive-complusive disorder or schizotypal personality disorder remain unrelated (Vyse, 1997), evidence suggests that disorders mentioned above do seem to be associated with belief in paranormal phenomena. Additionally, from the objective and scientific point of view, people who endorse beliefs in paranormal phenomena are irrational, even though the irrationality of most believers is mild compared to psychopathological behaviour. And although, such individuals are not disturbed by their experiences and stay psychologically healthy (notion of the happy schizotype, Lawrence Peters, 2004), they are, however similar to people diagnosed with schizophrenia on a number of correlates as well as are at higher risk to experience more severe psychotic-like experiences and to deve lop psychotic disorders (Clardige, 1994). Thus, scientific evidence in this case seems to be pervasive; less pervasive however seem to be evidence relating to extraversion, a measure of the individuals sociability. According to Maltby et al. (2007) individuals who score highly on extraversion are very sociable, energetic, optimistic, friendly and assertive and are labelled extraverts. However, individuals with low scores are labelled introverts, often described as reserved and independent. Some of the evidence does not support a relationship between extraversion and paranormal belief (i.e. Williams et al., 2007); however, a number of studies have found a correlation between extraversion and ESP performance (i.e. Lawrence, 2001). The reason why extraversion is not as obvious predictor of belief in paranormal phenomena may be limited reliability of this psychological trait (Tam Shiah, 2004). Meanwhile, the association of extraversion with belief in paranormal phenomena remain to some extent uncertain; therefore more scientific research has to be conducted. According to Williams et al. (2007), neuroticism is fundamental to individual differences in paranormal belief. Moreover, Thalbourne et al. (1995) has found neuroticism to be significantly correlated with an overall Paranormal Belief Scale score, Traditional Religious Belief, Psi, Witchcraft, as well as with the Australian Sheep-Goat Scale, which addresses belief in and personal experience of ESP, Telepathy, Precognition, and Life After Death. Neuroticism, can be described as the tendency to experience negative emotions, especially anxiety, depression, anger. Therefore neurotic individuals can be characterized as emotionally unstable, irrational personalities with often low self-esteem (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2007). Wiseman Watt (2004) indicate that people who are anxious are more superstitious than those who are not. However, non-skeptics argue that even though a person is more likely to engage in superstitious behaviour while experiencing certain emotions, specifically fear and anxiet y, belief in paranormal is not usually the cause of emotional difficulties (Vyse, 1997). Thus, according to non-skeptical point of view, claiming that superstitious people are more anxious than those who are not superstitious is overlapping. However, the vast majority of scientific evidence suggests this personality dimension to positively correlate with belief in paranormal phenomena. In addition, an association between paranormal belief and a depressive attributional style when using the Attributional Style Questionnaire as an indicator of depression has also been found (Dudley Whisnand, 2000). The results of this study demonstrate significantly higher depressive attributional styles among college students with high scores on paranormal phenomena than college students with low scores. Thus, the vast majority of evidence indicating relationship between belief in paranormal phenomena and neuroticism seem to be more pervasive than non-scientific evidence demonstrated by non-skeptics. Psychoticism has also been found to be associated with belief in paranormal phenomena (Francis et al., 2010). It is claimed that those who score high on the psychoticism scale can be characterised as cold, aggressive, tough-minded, antisocial and impersonal. Francis et al. (2010) study aimed to investigate personality dimensions associated with conventional Christian belief and unconventional paranormal belief. It has been found that conventional Christian belief is associated with lower psychoticism scores, whereas unconventional paranormal belief is associated with higher psychoticism scores. Thus, it may be concluded that paranormal believers behaviour may be more aggressive and antisocial than paranormal non-believers behaviour. According to Irwin and Watt (2007) people who believe in paranormal may be little concerned about the needs or attitudes of other people, may be socially alienated, may display low social interest and have a grandiose sense of their own importance and uniqueness. This description indicates on narcissism, another personality dimension associated with belief in paranormal phenomena. Positive correlation between narcissism dimension and belief in Psi, Precognition, Witchcraft and Spiritualism has been reported, which means that believers in paranormal may be preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited power and success (as cited in Irwin Watt, 2007). Recent studies therefore seem to confirm Tobacyk and Mitchells (1987) findings, where although a small, but significant correlation between narcissism and the paranormal beliefs of Psi and Precognition has been found. Thus, having found correlation between narcissism and belief in paranormal may indicate problems associated with psychological adjustment amongst people who believe in paranormal phenomena (Irwin Watt, 2007). There is also a general trend for paranormal belief to be associated with the locus of control. Locus of control refers to a dimension of personality and to do with whether or not a person perceives their behaviour to be related to outcomes, such as rewards and punishments (Pennington, 2003, p. 253). Individuals who believe personal outcomes are contingent largely on their own behaviour and attributes are said to have an internal locus of. However, people with external locus of control see personal outcomes as chance or luck (Pennington, 2003). It is claimed that people who believe in paranormal phenomena are inclined to maintain that they are especially vulnerable to external forces beyond their control; thus posses external locus of control (Irwin Watt, 2007). This relationship has been well documented, especially in regard to ESP, Witchcraft, Precognition, Spiritualism and Extraordinary Life Forms (as cited in Irwin Watt, 2007). Groth-Mamat and Pegden (1998) also have found external locus of control to be associated with greater overall paranormal belief, although this was not quite significant. This study has provided some support to the claim that those who believe that their life is dependent on external factors are more likely to believe in the paranormal. However, a more external locus of control was significantly related to greater belief in Spirituality and Precognition. Presumably, belief in Spirituality is associated to external locus of control due to a belief that spiritual forces have an impact on peoples lives. Peoples beliefs in Precognition can also be associated with an external locus of control because their lives might be perceived somewhat pre-determined. However, greater belief in superstition was related to a more internal locus of control. The results of this study suggest rather than there being a direct association between paranormal belief in general and an external locus of control, it may be that those who believe in Precognition and Spirituality are more likely to have an external locus of control while those who believe in Superstition are more likely to have an internal locus of control (p. 293). Thus, this study demonstrates that paranormal belief is not only related to external locus of control but the association between internal locus of control and paranormal belief (Superstition in this case) has also been found. Paranormal belief seem to also be correlated positively with measures of creativity, sensation seeking and hypnotic susceptibility what suggest a linkage to a cognitive style of fantasizing (as cited in Irwin Watt, 2007). It is claimed that personality factor of fantasy proneness correlates positively with nearly all dimensions of paranormal belief, such as global paranormal belief, Precognition, Psi, Witchcraft, Extraordinary Life Forms and Spiritualism (Irwin, 1993). It has been established that fantasy prone people fantasize a lot and while fantasizing they are deeply absorbed in or fully experience what is being fantasized. This cognitive style has interested many scientists wanting to investigate the origins of paranormal belief. It has been found that one of the major factors related with the development of this personality dimension may be a history of physical abuse or other trauma during childhood; this may be an important factor in explaining individuals openness to parano rmal. Rabeyron and Watt (2010), for example, found a strong significant correlation between paranormal experiences and traumas. Nevertheless, further research on correlation between paranormal belief and trauma is needed, especially because there are other factors that might need to be taken into account. According to Lynn and Rhue (1988) childrens fantasy proneness can be fostered by parental encouragement, and the development of paranormal belief therefore should be investigated also in relation to these more positive aspects of the family setting than just the level of physical abuse. Nevertheless, the vast majority of evidence indicates fantasy proneness to be strongly correlated with belief in paranormal phenomena. This claim seem to be also accepted by non-skeptics (Vyse, 1997). Recapitulating, it is important to mention that despite of the dispute between skeptics and non-skeptics, personality dimensions seem to have a considerable impact on peoples belief in paranormal phenomena. Some researchers claim that there are other factors that have an impact on peoples belief in paranormal phenomena, such as culture, media, social influence or subjective experience. According to Irwin (1993) the level of paranormal belief in an individual is in part a function of that persons cultural environment. However, it should not be argued that the origin of paranormal beliefs lies in the individuals culture. It is more acceptable to claim that culture is responsible not for paranormal belief, but rather for the specific forms of the beliefs. For instance, people may be members of various cultural groups, whereas this membership will rule the characteristics of paranormal beliefs accepted by the individual. In summary, paranormal beliefs may be modelled on examples provided by parents, friends or other persuasive people. Ridolfo et al. (2010) for example found relatively strong evidence that individuals are more likely to accept paranormal claims as true when they believe such claims have popular support. However, the exact relationship between paranormal beliefs and social-group influences remains uncertain (Markovsky Thye, 2001). Furthermore, even a little exposure to paranormal concepts through the media and social interaction may incline individual to unintentionally interpret personal encounters with anomalous events as paranormal phenomena. Thus, it is assumed that some correlates of individual dimensions of paranormal belief may reflect the operation of cultural and sub-cultural factors (Irwin, 1993, p. 26). However, individual must be intrinsically vulnerable for these cultural impacts to be effective. Therefore, even though paranormal beliefs might have cultural basis, the basis of vulnerability to the beliefs must be investigated in the psychodynamic domain (Schumaker, 1990; as cited in Irwin, 1993). It is also worth noting that the most common reason given for believing in paranormal phenomena is personal experience (Blackmore 1984, as cited in Blackmore, 1997) and strength of paranormal belief is positively correlated with number of subjective paranormal experiences (Glicksohn, 1990). However, Blackmore (1997) indicates that people who believe in the paranormal are more likely to interpret normal events as paranormal as well as are more likely to misinterpret normal events as paranormal what encourages their belief. As mentioned before the term paranormal refers to hypothesized processes that in principle are physically impossible or outside the realm of human capabilities (Thalbourne, 1982; as cited in Irwin, 1993, p. 1). Although scientists very often disagree about the meaning of empirical tests, data, empiricism is a highly valued source of knowledge. There is clearly still much empirical work yet to be done to investigate personality correlates with paranormal beliefs. The popularity of paranormal beliefs in the society and the evident influence of these beliefs on peoples life call for further investigation and verification for providing a better understanding of the functions and origins of paranormal belief. And even though, there is still a lot of uncertainty about which personality factors have an impact on individuals belief in the paranormal phenomena, skeptical point of view, considered as more scientific, seem to be more persuasive than non-skeptical. Word count: 2 396

Piercing the Corporate Veil Essay -- Papers

Piercing the Corporate Veil Since the establishment in Salomon v Salomon, the separate legal personality has been long recognised in English law for centuries, that is to say, a limited liability company has its own legal identity distinct from its shareholders or directors. However, in certain circumstances the courts may be prepared to look behind the company at the actions of the directors and shareholders. This is known as "piercing the corporate veil". There are numerous cases concerning the "piercing the corporate veil", among which, Jones v Lipman[1] was a typical case. Lipman sold land to Jones by a written contract but refused to complete the sale because of another good deal, instead he offered damages for breach of contract. To put the house out of reach of Jones, he bought a company "off the shelf" and conveyed the house to it. In an action against Lipman and the company, the court granted the specific performance and ruled that "the defendant company is the creature of the first defendant, a device and ...

How to differentiate literary texts Essay

Carter argues that there are six particular features which can help differentiate literary texts from others and that a literary texts will exhibit most or all of them. These features are medium independence, genre-mixing, semantic density, polysemy, displaced interaction and text patterning. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.81-85) If I look at the first feature identified by Carter, medium independence which means that a literary text does not rely on another medium or media to be read ,(Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.81 ) and apply it to my texts, I can see that the extract from The Lord of The Rings is indeed medium independent. The extract does not need photos and the text â€Å"stands up on its own†, it needs no additional information. By contrast, the advertisement from the online catalogue is media dependant. The text at the beginning and the end describes a ring which is obviously for sale so a photo seems to be quite necessary as I do not think many people would buy a piece of jewellery without seeing it no matter how appealing the description is. The text itself seems to beg for an accompanying photo so I think it can safely be said that it is medium dependant. The second feature identified by Carter is genre-mixing which is the idea that any style of writing not necessarily associated with a literary context can be used to create a literary effect. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.82) If I am to look at the Lord of The Rings extract, there is some genre-mixing although not very much, the extract is obviously part of a novel but the last two lines read like poetry. Of course poetic features are usually associated with a literary context by their very nature so what those last two poetic lines do for the rest of the text is to â€Å"elevate† it, that is, convey the feeling that the extract has literary pretences at the very least or is simply literary in some ways. In the second text, genre-mixing is more obviously present, the first paragraph is concise as it describes a ring which is for sale but the rest of the text which introduces Jade Jagger as the designer of the ring is mainly written in journalistic style. The las t two lines go back to â€Å"advertisement† written style. Semantic density, the third feature identified by Carter is deemed by him to be very important. He believes that semantic density is a clear sign of the literariness of a text. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.82) The Lord of The Rings extract has semantic density. One cannot escape the sound patterning and many alliterations which are present in a lot of the text. The text is actually peppered with it. For example, â€Å"†¦the wizard stood looking at the fire ; then he stooped and removed the ring†¦.† or: â€Å"†¦..he now saw fine lines, finer than the finest pen-strokes, running along the ring, outside and inside:lines of fire that seemed to form the letters of a flowing script.† The actual sound patterning along with the syntactic arrangement shows clear semantic density. The use of the adjective fine along with two of its adverbs finer and finest coupled with the sound patterning serves to show how â€Å"fine† the script on the ring actually is. Similarly, the alliteration in â€Å"running† and â€Å"ring† plus the sound patterning as well as the two opposites adjectives â€Å"outside and inside† that immediately follow before going back to the â€Å"lines† which are now made of â€Å"fire† that â€Å"form† the letters of a â€Å"flowing† script (alliteration plus sound patterning again) give the reader a vivid picture of the actual ring. There is also contrast in the text. One example is â€Å"silent† and â€Å"clack†, another is â€Å"bright† and â€Å"remote†, it is as if those contrasts reflect the contrast between the two worlds, one which is Mordor, faint but unmistakeably dangerous and the normal peaceful world of the Shire. I must point out the seemingly random word association of the â€Å"clack† of â€Å"Sam’s shears†. The â€Å"clack† which is surely onomatopoeic because the sound â€Å"which makes up the word mimics the sound which the word refers to† (Short,1996, p.115) and the wonderful alliteration of Sam’s shears which once again produces a incredibly vivid picture, accompanied by sound no less! There is also some semantic density in the second text about the Jade Jagger ring. The first sentence has sound patterning as well as the syntactic arrangement: â€Å"†¦..sterling silver ring†¦.stylised†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..design decorated†¦..a scattering of sparkling†¦. zirconias. Sound patterning and syntax aside, the alliteration â€Å"s†starting almost every word having to do  with the ring offers a mental picture of that ring, a very shiny one at that. The last sentence of the first paragraph also has the repeat alliteration in â€Å"edgy, contemporary, jewellery† which once again gives information about the ring but also about its potential buyer. Semantic density is also shown in this text by the reference to the â€Å" halcyon† days and the sentence stating that Jade Jagger â€Å"has since carved a feted reputation as an artist†.This is an abnormal paradigm as carving has to do with a concrete material such as stone or wood and it is not possible to physically carve a reputation. It is of course a metaphor (Mick Short,1996, p.7). The fourth criteria in Carter’s theory is polysemy which is the possibility for a text to be read in different ways. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.84) For example, in the Lord of The Rings extract, the room â€Å"becomes dark and silent†. It could of course be because Gandalf has closed the shutters and drawn the curtains, but it could also be due to the fact that the ring is in the fire and â€Å"waking up† revealing its true â€Å"dark† nature therefore affecting the atmosphere of the room. The reader is also told of Gandalf’s â€Å"bristling brows†, it could mean that Gandalf has stiff and coarse eyebrows which I indeed imagine him to have but it could also infer that Gandalf is showing irritation at Frodo’s trying to get the ring out of the fire, hence the â€Å"Wait!† before the â€Å"bristling brows†. The word â€Å"fiery† is also good because we have been told that the letters are â€Å"lines of fire† so they are obviously fiery but â€Å"fiery† could also allude to the dark language of â€Å"Mordor† or the quick and dangerous temper of Sauron’s spirit which is of course in the ring itself. My last example is that when Frodo receives the ring, â€Å"it seemed to have become thicker and heavier†. It can actually be that the fire, by revealing what the ring is, has also physically altered it and made it thicker and heavier but it may just seem thicker and heavier in Frodo’s hand because it is a dark ring, a ring of power and evil which the fire has just awakened. In the second text on the other hand, I cannot see any obvious example of polysemy apart from the â€Å"halcyon days† which can be read as the â€Å"carefree days† or the â€Å"mythical days† as it can refer to the mythical bird. Both meanings are plausible as the pop art scene in New York was famously â€Å"carefree and happy† and it has since acquired a â€Å"mythical† type of reputation. There is also the metaphor â€Å"carved a feted reputation† but I cannot see it other evidence of polysemy. The fifth feature of Carter’s is displaced interaction which means that the text is there for the reader to â€Å"read† and interpret as it wishes. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.84) The Lord of The Rings text is a perfect example of displaced interaction as there is nothing for the reader to do but read and provide meaning to the text. The Jade Jagger ring online advert however is not an example of displaced interaction as the aim of the text is to persuade the reader to buy a piece of jewellery. The last feature identified by Carter is text patterning which is similar to the idea of parallelism in which some features remain the same while others change. The variant features are usually words while the remaining features are structural. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.85) (Short,1996 p.14) The most obvious example of parallelism in the Lord of The Rings extract is the last two lines. While the structure stays the same with the same subject, The Ring, the verbs are different. What this does is attract attention to the verbs themselves which is presumably what Tolkien wanted as the verbs tell us what the ring actually does. It â€Å"rules, finds, brings and binds† Although different verbs with slightly different meanings, it gives a general idea of power. There is another example of parallelism in this text : â€Å" The letters are Elvish, of an ancient mode but the language is that of Mordor, which I will not utter here† Again, the structure stays mo re or less the same but the Lexis is different so as to focus the reader’s attention on the difference between the â€Å"letters† and the â€Å"language† and â€Å"Elvish† and â€Å"Mordor†. Tolkien wants to highlight these differences are they are crucial to the understanding of the story. In those two lines we also have an example of deviation, when something in the texts deviates from the perceived rules of English which makes it particularly memorable. Deviation is a part of foregrounding, the produce of â€Å"deviation from linguistic and non-linguistic norms† (Short,1996, p.12) The deviation in the last two lines is the invention of the word â€Å"Mordor† which Tolkien made up for the particulars of his story. This is called a neologism (Short, 1996, p.45) Finally, I must mention that the last two lines of the Lord of The Rings are an internal deviation, that is, they are two rhyming lines structured like lines of a poem but this is a departure from the rest of the text which has been written in prose. (Short,1996, p.59) Of course this internal deviation makes those two last lines even more memorable. Although there is some text patterning in the second text, particularly around the word â€Å"Jade†, I do not feel it can be compared to the other Lord of The Ring text as it doesn’t seem to actually reinforce an important message. So, if we follow Carter’s criteria when it comes to identifying a literary text, the Lord of The Rings extract seems to be more literary than the Jade Jagger’s online ring advertisement. The Lord of The Rings extract is not medium dependant, it has some genre-mixing, it has semantic density, polysemy, displaced interaction and text patterning. The Jade Jagger’s online ring advertisement is medium dependant,it is not really polysemic, it is not an example of displaced interaction, I don’t feel it has important text patterning but it does have some semantic density. On Carter’s cline of literariness, The Lord of The Rings is indeed a literary text as it possesses all of the features which usually identify literariness. Jade Jagger’s ring advertisement does not seem to be a literary text according to Carter’s cline. Are the two texts creative? I am tempted to answer that if a text is considered literary then it must be creative which would make the Lord of The Rings extract creative as well as literary. I refer to Papen and Tusting who state that â€Å"creativity refers to making something which is new, which did not exist before the creative act† (Papen and Tusting,2006, p.315) Taking this into account, both texts analysed in this paper are indeed creative. â€Å"Cognitive poetics† which combines â€Å"linguistic analysis with insights from cognitive science in order to explain the relationship between  the language of texts and reader’s responses to texts† (Semino, 2006, p.37) is interesting as it implies that creativity is always present in literary and non-literary texts but that literary texts â€Å"are characterised by particular novel and creative uses of the linguistic and cognitive resources used in everyday communication.† (Seen and Gavins, 2003, p1 , cited in Elena Semino,2006, p.37) Following from this is the assumption that, yet again, both the texts analysed in this paper are creative, none more so than the other but that the Lord of The Rings text analysed here would be considered more literary than the Jade Jagger’s ring advertisement as it showcases especially new and creative uses of language and â€Å"cognitive resources used in everyday communication.†(Seen and Gavins, 2003, p1, cited in Elena Semino,2006, p.37) Eagleton with his sociocultural approach would imply that The Lord of The Rings text was definitely literary since the sociocultural approach states that literature is made so by society, whether the text had pretence to literariness or not.( Eagleton, 1983, p.11, cited in Maybin and Pearce, 2006, p.12) Since The Lord of The Rings has been widely accepted by society in the last 40 years as being a literary work, then it must be, according to the sociocultural approach. As a conclusion, I feel that there is an agreement across different school of thoughts that creativity is present in most texts so I would say that both the texts I analysed in this paper are creative in different ways. According to Carter’s inherency approach, the Lord of The Rings text is more literary than Jade Jagger’s ring advertisement and although I realise that Carter’s method of analysis is not without its weaknesses, I must say that I feel that The Lord of The Rings extract is indeed more literary than the advertisement because of the degree of inventiveness involved in the language (I could have added so much more to the analysis of the text) and imagination. I think that the extract (and the book it comes from) combines the two most important things when it comes to literature: beautiful language and a fantastic imagination. References: Maybin,J., Pearce,M., 2006, Literature and creativity in English, â€Å"The Art of English:Literary Creativity†, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University Eagleton,T. (1993), Literary Theory: An Introduction, Oxford, Blackwell,pp.9-11) Carter, R, (1997), Investigating English Discourse:Language, Literacy and Literature, London, Routledge Thornborrow J., 2006, chapter 2: †Poetic Language†, The Art of English:Literary Creativity,, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University Short,M.,1996, Exploring The Language of Poems, Plays, and Prose, Addison Wesley Longman Limited Papen, U&Tusting, K, 2006, Chapter 7:Literacies, Collaboration and Context,The Art of English:Everyday Creativity, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University. Semino, S., 2006, Reading C:Cognitive Poetics, The Art of English: Literary Creativity, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University Seen,G. And Gavins, J. (2003), Contextualising cognitive poetics, in J.Gavins and G.Steen (eds), Cognitive Poetics in Practice, London, Routledge